The Siege of Montségur refers to the nine-months siege of the Cathar-held Castle of Montségur by French royal forces starting in May 1243. [1] After the Castle surrendered about 210 perfecti and unrepentant credentes were burned in a bonfire on March 16, 1244.[1]
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Although the Albigensian Crusade had been concluded with the Treaty of Paris-Meaux in 1229, local Occitan resistance continued. The Cathar Church was still able to operate and oppose the terror of the inquisition that pervaded the Languedoc. In 1233, the Cathar Bishop Guilhabert de Castres asked Raymond de Pereille for permission to make the castle "the seat and head" (domicilium et caput) of the Cathar Church.[1] As a safe haven for Cathars, Montségur gained symbolic and strategic importance in the resistance fight against the Catholic Church and the French forces in subsequent years.[2] In 1241 Raymond VII made a token attempt to capture Montségur, primarily to impress the King and the Catholic Church of his allegiance. At that time Montségur housed about 500 persons.[3]
In the context of Occitan resistance and possibly linked to Raymond’s efforts to free himself from the chains of the Paris Treaty, two representatives of the Inquisition, William Arnald and Stephen de Saint Thibery, as well as their companions and retinue were murdered by about fifty men from Montséegur and faidits at Avignonet on May 28, 1242.[4] This event lead to the decision to send a royal military expedition to eliminate the stronghold.
In May 1243 Hugues de Arcis led the military command of about 10,000 royal troops against the castle that was held by about 100 fighters and was home to Perfects (who as pacifists did not participate in combat) and civilian refugees.[1] Many of these refuges were Cathar credentes who lived in huts and caves outside the castle on the mountain. The initial strategy was to besiege the castle in expectation that water and supplies would run out, a strategy that had worked well for the crusaders before.[2] However, the defenders were well supplied and able to keep their support lines open being supported by many of the local population, even some reinforcements arrived. Eventually there arose therefore the need to attack the place directly, a difficult task due to its well protected location high on a massive limestone rock. After many failures Basques mercenaries were able to secure a location on the eastern side of the summit across a depression which allowed the construction of a stone-throwing machine.[1][2] This forced refugees that were living outside the walls of the castle to move inside making living conditions difficult. Apparently by treachery a passage was found to get access to the barbican which was conquered in March 1244. The stone thrower was moved now closer and the living situation inside deteriorated under the day-and-night bombardment. When an attempt by the garrison failed to dislodge the invaders from the barbican, the defenders gave the signal that they had decided to negotiate for surrender. [2]
Surrender conditions were quickly decided on: All the people in the castle were allowed to leave except those who would not renounce their Cathar faith, primarily the perfecti. A two-week truce was declared. The last two weeks were spend praying and fasting. A number of defenders decided to join the about 190 perfecti and received their consolamentum bringing the total number of Cathar believers destined to burn to between 210 and 215.[2] On March 16, lead by Bishop Bertrand Marty, the group left the castle and went down to the place where the wood for the pyre had been erected. No stakes were needed. They all perished in the flames.
The remainder of the defenders, including those who had participated in the murder of the inquisitors, were allowed to leave, among them Raymond de Pereille who was later like others subjected to the inquisition. Three or four perfecti survived; they left the castle by a secret route to recover the treasure of the Cathars that had been buried in a nearby forest in the weeks prior to the surrender.[2] The treasure not only contained material valuables but also documents and possibly relics. Nothing about its whereabouts is known.
Catharism continued in the Languedoc for many decades but it had lost its organization, and, under the pressure of the inquisition, adherents if not captured moved to other places, such as Spain and Italy, where conditions were less oppressive. [2] Montsegur Castle was destroyed. Today’s ruins are a remnant of the French border fortress of a later time.
At the base of the mountain, in the "Prat dels Cremats" (Field of the Burned), a contemporay stele commemorates the death of the victims; it is inscribed "Als catars, als martirs del pur amor crestian. 16 de març 1244".